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初中英语中考的语法和短语不要多要精

网友发布 2023-07-20 06:10 · 头闻号教育培训

动词的时态

一. 一般现在时

1. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。I often take a bus to school.

2.表示客观事实或普遍真理。The earth is round.

3.当主句为一般将来时时,在以if,as,soon,as,until,when等引导的时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。

When I grow up, I will go to Amerca.

If it doesn’t rain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.

4.在某些以here,there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。

There goes the bell.

5.与一般现在时连用的时间状语

表示频度的副词:always,often,usually,sometimes等。

on Sunday, on Monday afternoon, every day, in the morning, every year等时间状语。

once a year, twice a month, three times a week之类的时间状语。

二.一般过去时

1.表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

We visited a farm last Sunday.

2. 表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。(过去常常作某事也可用used to do sth.)

When I was in the countryside, I used to swim in the river.

3. 与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1990, in the past, in the other dat, at that time, just now.

三.一般将来时

1.表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常用的时间状语有:tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Saturday, in+一段时间等。

Will you be back in two days.

2.be going to+动词原形,表示计划、打算做某事,表示已决定的并很可能发生的事。

What are you going to do next Sunday?

Look at the clouds. There is going to be a storm.

3.下面几种情况只用will不用be going to

a. 表示有礼貌地询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。

Will you please lend me your bike?

b.表示带有意愿色彩的时候。

We will help him if he asks us.

c.表示客观性的将来,与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。

The sun will rise at 6:00 tomorrow morning.

四. 现在进行时

1. 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。

2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。

The students are working on the farm these days.

3. 用现在进行时表示将来。

常用这种结构的动词有:go, come, leave, stay, start, begin等,表示即将发生或安排好要做的事情。

We are leaving for Shanghai.

The bus is coming soon.

4. 当时间状语为now, these days等或当句子中含有look, listen, can you see, can’t you see 之类的暗示词时,要用现在进行时。

注意:下列这些动词一般不能用现在进行时。

1. 表示感觉的动词,如:see, hear等

2. 表示喜欢或厌恶的动词,如:like, love, hate

3. 表示希望的动词,如:want, would like

4. 表示状态的动词,如:be

5. 表示归属的动词,如:have

6. 表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词,如:know, think, forget

五. 现在完成时

1. 表示发生在过去的或已经完成的对现在仍然有影响的动作。

I have lost my key.

I have already seen the film.

2.表示动作或状态在过去已经开始,并持续到现在,也许还要持续下去,常和for, since连用。表示持续的动作或状态多用延续性动词。

Mr Zhang has taught English for 20 years.

3.几个副词在现在完成时中的用法。

a. just 意为“刚刚”,表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。

He has just come back from America.

b. ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词和过去分词之间。

Have you ever been to London.

c. never意为“从来没有”,常与before连用,多放在助动词与过去分词之间。

d. before 意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时候,总是放在句末,不受句型的局限。

I have never heard of this singer before.

e. since+时间点,for+时间段。

4.延续性动词和终止性动词的用法

a.现在完成时表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在,而与一段时间连用时也应注意句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,非延续性动词不能和一段时间连用。

我离开家乡已有10年了。

误:I have left my hometown for 10 years.

正:I have been away from my hometown for 10 years.

b.在否定句中,终止性动词可与一段时间连用。

c.用句型“it is +一段时间+since从句

终止性动词 延续性动词

buy have

borrow keep

open be open

close be close

begin/start be on

come be here

go be there

finish be over

die be dead

catch a cold have a cold

put on wear

get up be up

wake up be awake

fall asleep be asleep

lose not have

join be in

leave be away

arrive/reach be

六. 过去进行时

1. 表示过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作。常和表示过去的时间状语如:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at ten yesterday等连用,或用另一动作来表示过去的时间。

I was reading when mother came in.

2.过去进行时常与always和时间副词连用,表示过去频繁发生的习惯动作,此时的过去进行时带有一定的感情色彩。

Jack was always changing his mind.

3.注意含有when或while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中过去进行时的运用:

a. 主句中的动作先于从句中的动作发生,且进行的时间较长时,主句用过去进行时,从句常用一般过去时。

b. 从句中的动作先于主句中的动作发生,且进行的时间较长时,从句用过去进行时,主句用一般过去时。

c. 若主句、从句动作开始时间不存在先后关系(即同时发生)或无所谓先后时,主从句可同时使用过去进行时,此时的时间状语从句一般由while来引导。

注意:以上情况,若动词为表示动作的瞬间动词时,一般都应用一般过去时,而不用过去时。

Luckily, when I went to see him,he was at home.

4.go, come, leave, arrive, start等动词,其过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作。

七.过去完成时

是指到过去某个时间为止已经完成的动作或状态。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:by last week, by the end of last year.

八.过去将来时

1.表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句中,有“would+动词原形“构成。

He asked when the meeting would start.

2. 用“was/ware going to+动词原形”所表示的过去将来时,表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作。

He was going to start a new job when I saw him then.

被动语态

一. 被动语态的构成极其用法

(一) 被动语态的构成

时态 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 被动语态

一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+done we clean the classroom the classroom is cleaned by us.

一般过去时 did was/were+done he made the kite. the kite was made by him.

现在进行时 am/is/are+doing am/is/are+being done she is watering flowers. flowers are being watered by her.

现在完成时 have/has+done have/has+been done Jim has finished the work. the work has been finished by them tomorrow.

一般将来时 will/shall/be going to+ do will/shall/be going to +be done they will plant trees tomorrow. trees will be planted by them tomorrow.

过去进行时 was/were+doing was/were+being+done she was writing a letter this time yesterday. a letter was being written by her this time yesterday.

过去完成时 had+done had+been done Jim had finished the work. the work had been finished by Jim.

过去将来时 would/should/be(was, were) going to+do would/should/be(was, were) going to+be done he said he would make a kite. he said a kite would be made by him.

含有情态动动词 can/may/must+do can/may/must+be done I can find him he can be found by me.

(二) 被动语态的用法

被动语态中的主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况:

1. 不知道动作的执行者是睡。

The window was broken yesterday.

2. 没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。

Many tall buildings in our city every year.

3. 需要强调或突出动作的承受者。

English is taught in our school.

4. 动作的发出者不是人。

Most of the houses were destroyed in the earthquake.

二. 主动语态和被动语态在转换

(一) 主动语态变被动语态

1. 要将主动句里的宾语成分变成被动句中的主语成分,若主动句句中的宾语是人称代词,要将宾格变主格。

2. 把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语,主格变成宾格,并由by引导。

3. 谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。

We asked him to sing an English song.

He was asked to sing an English song by us.

(二)被动语态后动词原形的选择

主动句中的感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice等以及使役动词let, make, have等,动词后跟省略to的不定式,变为被动句时,应加上不定式符号to.

The boss made the workers work twelve hours a day.

The workers were made to work twelve hours a day by the boss.

We often hear the girl sing in her room in the evening.

The girl is often heard to sing in her room in the evening.

练习:

We play basketball after school every day.__________________________________.

The students have finished their homework.___________________________________

Jack wanted the flowers yesterday________________________________

(三)have been to, have gone to和have been in

have been to表示“曾去过某地”,说话时已从该地回来或已从该地去了其他地方,总之,现在已不在该地。

Have gone to表示“已去了某地”,说话时不在说话地点或在去该地的途中,或已到了该地,总之,现在还未回来。

Have been in表示“已在该地(待了多久)”,若表示“已在小地方多久”,in需用at代替,若后面跟副词时只用have been,不需要任何介词。

Jim has gone to New York with his family.

Have you ever been to New York?

The Greens have been in New York for three years.

Mr Li has been at this school for ten years.

2017年中考英语语法专题详解十三:状语从句

八个时态:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时

被动语态;时态语态结合

定语从句;宾语从句;状语从句

冠词、数词、动词变形

考点聚焦

 状语从句的定义 用来修饰动词和形容词,以表明动作发生或状态存在的时间,地点,原因等等的句子叫做状语从句。

 状语从句的分类

 一、时间状语从句

 时间状语从句表示时间,引导词有:when, while, as, till, until before, after, since等。

 时间状语从句的引导词所表示的意思不尽相同,要注意把握不同引导词所表示的不同时间关系,以及它在具体句子中对应的时态、语态等问题。

 注意:as(在……时候,因为),since(自从,因为),它们可以引导时间从句,并强调主句和从句的动作同事发生。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:

 (1)While my mother was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.(read是延续性的动词,read和watch同事发生)

 I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)

 (2)when(当……的时候),引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是瞬间动词。从句动作可与主语动作同事发生,也可在其后发生。

 I was reading a book when she came into my room.(come是瞬间动词,只能用when引导,不能用while)

 I often missed my home when(while) I lived in NewYork.(live是延续性动词,when可用while代替)

 (3)when和while的区别还在于:while引导的时间状语从句多用于进行时态,而when引导的时间状语从句多用于一般时态。

 While they were talking, the bell rang.正在他们谈话的时候,上课铃响了。

 (4)as译作 “一边……一边”、“随着……”,侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。有时可与when,while通用。

 We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)

 As you grow, you will know more and more。随着年龄的增长,你会懂得越来越多。

 2.till或until引导的时间状语从句

 till,until(直到……才):一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。till不可以在句首,而until可以放在句首。

 注意:如果主句中的的谓语动词是瞬间动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:

 I didn’t go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。(go to bed 是瞬间动词,主句用否定形式)

 I talked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止

 I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作

 Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前等我。

 3.since引导的时间状语从句

 Since(自从):引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,也可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动作用现在完成时。但在It is+时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:

 I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京。

 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?

 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing. 我们老板离开北京有五个月了。

 4.由before和after引导的时间状语从句

 注意:(1)before(在……之前):引导的从句不再用否定的谓语。

 (2)当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时。则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。

 (3)after(在……之后):表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。如果主句用的是过去时,则从句多用过去完成时。例如:

 It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来

 My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived. 我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。

 After we had finished the work, we went home. 完成工作之后,我们回家了(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)

 5.由as soon as ,immediately, directly ,instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute,等引导的时间状语从句:这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如:

 I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast.吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。

 The moment I heard the news, I went to the school. 我一听到消息,马上赶到了学校。

 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up.我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。

 注意 hardly(scarcely,rarely)……when,before,no sooner …than相当于 as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时态。当hardly,scarcely, rarely和 no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如:

 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in ,我刚坐下,他就进来了。

 二、原因状语从句

 原因状语从句表原因,常见的引导词有:because(因为),since(既然),as(既然),for(因为)

 1.becausey引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后,because表示直接原因,语气,回答why引导的疑问句必须使用because。

 I do it because I like it..

 ——Why didn’t he come yesterday?

 ——Because he had something important to do.

 注意 “not……because” 结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句,例如:The country is not strong because it is large.国强不在大.

 2.Since引导的原因状语从句一般位于主句之前,表示已知的、显然的理由。通常被翻译成“既然”,较为正式,语气比because弱。。

 Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics,既然今天你休息,你帮我补习数学。

 3.as引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”,语气比since弱,较正式,位置较灵活,常放于主句之前。

 As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi,既然在下雨,你乘出租汽车。

 4. for引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因,只提供一些辅助性的补充说明,for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。

 He could not have seen me, for I was not there.他不可能见过我,因为我不在那里。

 三、条件状语从句

 引导条件句常用的连词有if(如果),unless(如果不,除非)等,条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样,表示将来要用一般现在时态。

 We won’t let you in unless you show your pass.

 If you fail again this time,what will you do?

 (1)if引导的条件状语从句表示将来时,要用一般现在时代替,主句仍使用一般将来时态。

 (2)将if引导的宾语从句和状语从句进行混淆考查,宾语从句中的if表示“是否”,可以使用一般将来时。

 四、让步状语从句

 让步状语从句表示“虽然,即使,尽管”。引导词有although,though,even though, even if都表示“虽然,即使,尽管”之意。主句中不能用but,但可用yet、

 Though和although语气较弱(其中的though比although通俗,不如although正式),even if和even though带有强调意味而显得语气更强。例如:

 Although they are poor ,they are happy yet.虽然他们很穷,但很快乐

 The article is very important though it is short.那篇文章虽然很短,但很重要。

 Even though it was raining, she walked to work.即使下雨,她也是走着去工作的。

 I’ll visit him this evening even if I can stay only a few minutes.今晚我将去拜访他,即使我只能停留一小会儿。

 注意though引导的让步状语从句的用法比较特殊,它可以倒装,也可以不倒装。

 五、地点状语从句

 地点状语从句常由where和wherever引导,通常可置于主句之前或之后。

 如:We should go where(ver) we are most needed,我们要去最需要我们的地方。

 Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者,事竟成。

 六、目的状语从句

 目的状语从句通常由so that, in order that 引导,所引导的从句通常放在主句后面。目的状语从句中的谓语常含有may (might),can (could),shall ,will 等情态动词。

 如:He always takes a seat in the first row so that/in order that he can hear better.

 = In order that he can hear better, he always takes a seat in the first row.为了听得更清楚,他总是坐前排的座位。

 七、结果状语从句

 结果状语从句常由so that, so…that, such…that等引导,放在主句之后,so…that与such…that句型在一定条件下可转换。

 如:He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.

 = He made so excellent a speech that everyone admired him.

 他的演讲如此精彩以至于每个人都很钦佩他。

 注意 so that 引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句的辨别

 so that从句之前有个逗号的常为结果状语从句,因表示某一行为带来的结果,从句中的时态常为过去式;

 so that从句中有may(might),can(could),should, will等情态动词的通常是目的状语从句。

 如:I wrote as clearly as possible, so that I got high marks.(目的)我尽可能地写清楚些,这样可以得高分。

 He went to the lecture early so that he could get a good seat.(目的)他很早就去听报告了,以便可以找到一个好座位。

 He went to the lecture early, so that he got a good seat.(结果)他很早就去听报告了,这样他就找到一个好座位。

 八、比较状语从句

 1.比较状语从句常由as…as,not so(as),than引导。比较从句部分常为省略句。

 如:His brother is as handsome as he (is)/him.(非正式英语中可用宾格him)他弟弟和他一样英俊。

 He swims faster than any other student in his class(does).他比班上其他任何人都游得快。

 2.通常把the more…the more…结构也归为比较从句,意为:“越…越”。

 如:The harder you work, the greater progress you’ll make.你越努力学习,就会取得越大的进步。

 The less she worried, the better she worked.她担心得越少,就工作得越好。

 九、方式状语从句

 1.方式状语从句常由(just)as(像…),as if/though(好像)引导,表示动作的方式。

 如:Do exactly as the doctor says.一定要按照大夫的话去做。

 He walked slowly as if/though he had hurt his leg.他慢慢地走着,仿佛是腿受了伤。

 注:在非正式问题中有时会用like代替as引导方式从句。

 2.as if/though引导的状语从句,若描述非事实情况,常用虚拟语气,若描述的是实际情况,用陈述语气。

 如:She treats the orphan as if/though he was her own child.她对待孤儿就像是她自己的孩子一样。(他是孤儿,当然就不是她亲生孩子,故用虚拟语气。)

 It looks as if/though it’s going to rain.看起来天像是要下雨了。(本句用的是陈述语气,说明天*是要下雨了。)

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