2008高考必背英语词汇讲座—w字头

1、work on, work at

　这两个短语动词都可以用作及物动词，均可表示?从事于，致力于?的意思，其后须跟名词，代词或者动名词作宾语，一般情况下可以互换,例如：they have been working on a design for a lighter plough.他们一直在设计一种比较轻的犁。they are working on a report of their investigation of synthetic rubber.他们在写一份合成橡胶的调查报告。he is working on a new novel.他正在写一本新的小说。they have worked on this subject for many years.他们研究这门学科已经有好多年了。she is working at some exercises.她在做练习题。they worked at it whenever regular field tasks are not pressing.日常的农活不紧迫时，他们就干这个。

　work on除表示?从事于?的意思外，常见的意思还有?继续工作?。这时，on是副词，其后不能跟宾语。例如：they'll work on until sunset.他们将继续工作，直到日落。

2、worth, worthy to, worthy of, worthwhile

　worth是?值得?的意思，一般看作介词（也有人认为是形容词），后面通常接（金额，时间，精力之类的）的名词或动名词。接动名词时，要用主动形式，表示的却是被动的意义。有时为了强调，worth前还可以用适当的副词修饰。例如：what is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的，就值得好好去做。this precision instrument is worth 10,000 yuan.这台精密仪器值一万元。the research work is worth our while.我们在这项研究工作上花了精力是值得的。

　worthy to和worthy of除表示?值得的?的意义外，还有?配得上，相称的?等意思。前者后通常接被动不定式，间或接主动不定式。后者后通常接名词（但不能接有关钞票数目的名词）或动名词的被动形式，有时也接动名词主动形式。例如：it is a thing worthy to be seen.这件东西值得一看。nothing occurred worthy of being mentioned.没有发生什么值得一提的事。she is worthy of this necklace.她是配得上这条项链的。

　worthwhile是形容词，可用作表语，其主语可以是名词，代词，动名词或不定式；它亦可用作定语。此外，worthwhile还可以分开，在while前加物主代词。例如：it is worthwhile visiting hangzhou.杭州值得一游。this is a worthwhile experiment.这是一项值得进行的实验。it is worth our while to read the book.我们读这本书是值得的。

3、war, battle, fight

　war?战争?解，每个war之中可以包含许多次的battle。battle作?战役?解，指在war进行之中的各次战役及大的战斗。fight作?作战，战斗?解，一个battle之中可以包含多次的fight，尤指短兵相接的肉搏战。这一组词不但可表示具体的战争和战斗，亦可用于抽象意义。例如：russia was beaten in the war with japan.在与日本的战争中，俄国被打败了。he led the battle against poverty and disease.他领导着这一场与贫困和疾病斗争的战役。there had been two or three sea fights between the two countries.这两个国家已有过两三次海战了。

4、what ever, whatever

　what ever指?到底（是）什么，究竟（是）什么?，用于疑问句中，其中的ever被用来加强语气，表示惊奇，愤怒等感情色彩。例如：what ever do you think you're doing?你究竟在干什么？what ever do you mean?你到底是什么意思？

　whatever指?无论什么，任何的?，常用来引导名词性从句及状语从句，在引导名词从句时相当于anything that,引导状语从句时相当于no matter what。例如：whatever you say is wrong.不管你说什么总是错的。whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.无论你有什么问题，都可以找我帮忙。

5、would rather, prefer

　这两者均可表示?宁愿，更喜欢?。

　would rather是一个情态词组，后接省去to的不定式，表示某个具体的特定行为。prefer是一个实义动词，后接带to的不定式，也表示一个具体的特定行为。例如：he would rather join you in the research work.他宁愿加入到你的研究工作中来。which would you rather have, bread or rice?面包和米饭，你更喜欢哪一个？we prefer to living this way.我们更喜欢这种生活方式。he preferred to go on a picnic with the girls.他更喜欢和女孩们去野餐。

　两者接不定式时，可分别与than和rather than搭配，表示?宁愿...而不愿?，would rather...than与prefer...rather than的后半部分均接省去to的不定式。例如：he would rather work than play.他宁愿工作也不愿玩。he would rather be poor than get money in such a dishonest way.他宁愿受穷也不愿以这样一种不诚实的方法弄到钱。they preferred to die of hunger rather than take his bread.他们宁愿饿死也不愿接受他的面包。she prefers to be trouble rather than be taken care of by her parents.她宁愿有麻烦也不愿让父母照顾她。

　prefer后能接名词或动名词作宾语，用动名词时，表示一个习惯性的动作。它也可与介词to搭配，表示?喜欢...而不喜欢。would rather则不能接名词及动名词。例如：do you prefer coffee or tea?你喜欢咖啡还是茶？she prefers being alone.她喜欢一个人呆着。i prefer orange to red.相比于红色，我更喜欢橙色。he prefers reading novels to watching tv.相比于看电视，他更喜欢看小说。?

　prefer可跟带不定式的复合结构，而would rather则没有这种用法。例如：i prefer you not to come.我宁愿你不要来。i should prefer you not to stay there too long.我宁愿你别在那儿待得太久。

　would rather和prefer后都可接从句，从句中要用虚拟语气：在would rather后的从句里，要用过去时态表示现在和将来，用过去完成时态表示过去；在prefer后的从句里，则用should加动词原形的形式，should 也可以省去。例如：i would rather you came next month.我宁愿你下个月来。we'd rather you hadn't done that.我们宁愿你没做过那件事。i prefer that the plan be fully discussed before it is carried out.我更希望这个计划在实施之前先对其进行充分的讨论。he preferred that we do it some other way.他更希望我们换一种方式做这件事。

2008高考必背英语词汇讲座-L字头

1、rather than, other than, would rather(...than)

　rather than是连词，前后两端所连的词性是一致的，通常译为?而不是?或?与其说是?不如说是?，有时可用短语介词instead of替代。例如：he was engaged in writing a letter rather than(= instead of) reading the newspaper.他那时是在写信而不是看报纸。john ought to go rather than(= instead of) jean.应该去的是约翰，而不是吉恩。these shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.这些鞋子谈不上漂亮，但穿起来倒很舒服。evans is a historian rather than a writer.埃文斯与其说是个作家，不如说是个史学家。

　other than有两种意思：一是用来表示否定意义，即?不同于（= different from)，非（= not)";二是用来表示排除意义，即?除了?，相当于except。例如：the truth is quite other than what you think.事实真相和你们想的完全不一样。they are patriotic and support socialism, although many of them come from other than working class families.他们是爱国的，是拥护社会主义的，尽管他们当中有许多人并非出身于工人阶级家庭。she can hardly be other than grateful.她除了感激之外还能怎么样呢。he has visited every country in asia other than japan.除了日本之外，他访问了所有的亚洲国家。

　would rather表示选择或主观上的愿望，其中的would亦可解作had。它表示?宁愿，宁可?的意思。如果要把取舍的双方都表达出来，则应该用would (or: had) rather ? than,表示?宁愿?也不?的意思。例如：my aunt invited me to the movies, but isaid i had rather go on a picnic with thegirls.我的姑妈邀请我去看**，可是我说我倒愿意跟女孩子们一起去野餐。i am sure they would (or: had) rather die than give up.我深信他们一定会宁死不屈。he would rather resign than take part in such a dishonest transaction.他宁愿辞职，也不愿参与那样不诚实的交易。

　注意：would rather 后亦可接that从句，that通常省略，从句中用动词用过去时形式表示虚拟。 would rather...than的连词than后亦可接that从句。例如：i would (or: had) rather he came on monday.我宁愿他星期一来。i would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell one lie.我宁愿丢失一打樱桃树也不愿听你说一句谎话。

2、reach at, reach for

　这两个词组都有?伸手去拿（取）?的意思，但涵义有所不同。

　reach at的意思是?伸手企图去触摸或达到（try to touch or attain by reaching)"。例如：he reached at the flowers in my hand.他伸手想触摸我手中的花。she reached at the glass, but it had dropped.她想把那个玻璃杯子抓住，但还是掉下去了。

　reach for没有?企图?的含义，它指一般意义上的?伸手去拿（取）某种具体的实物?。例如：the boy stood on tiptoe and reached for the map on the wall.男孩踮着脚，伸出手去拿墙上的地图。then, reaching for a pencil, he wrote down his telephone number.然后，他伸手拿了支铅笔，写下了他的电话号码。

3、refer to, refer...to

　refer ? to 中的refer是及物动词，to为介词，它主要有两种意思：1.?把?提交给?，to后接组织，团体等名词 2.?把?归功于?，相当于owe ? to。例如：the local court decided to refer the case to the high court.地方法院决定把这案件提交高级法院处理。they referred their success to the correct leadership of the party.他们把取得的成就归功于党的正确领导。

4、regret doing, regret to do

　regret doing是指?做了某事而感到遗憾或后悔?的意思，即v-ing 的动作发生在regret的动作之前。有时v-ing用完成形式。例如：she regretted missing the train.她为没有赶上火车而感到懊恼。i regretted having left the work unfinished.我为没有完成这件工作而感到有些遗憾。

　regret to do是指当时或现在?遗憾地做某事?。尽管regret在这儿是动词，但常译为副词的意思,相当于regretfully。例如：the comrade regretted to inform us that xiao lin had been severely injured.那位同志遗憾地通知我们，小林受了重伤。i regret to tell you that we cannot stay here any longer.我遗憾地告诉你，我们不能再在这儿多呆了。

5、reply, answer, respond

　reply：?回答，答复?，正式用语，指以书面形式答复，也指用行动回击，在辩论中回敬。除了后面带直接引语和that引导的宾语从句外，一般只作不及物动词。常用作拟人化，常用词组：in reply to回答，答复。i answered your letter by sending a postcard last sunday and havebeen waiting for time to reply to it.上周我寄了一张明信片来回复你的信，此后一直等时间复信。do you intend to reply to this attack on your character?对这种对你品行的攻击你打算回敬吗？

　answer：?回答，答复?，普通用词，常指口头回答问题，答复争论或指责，或要求给予辩护，inanswer to回答，响应。usually you use words to answer a question but not always. you might answer by shaking your head or shrugging your shoulder.通常你用言语回答问题，但并不是总这样，你可以摇头或耸肩以示回答。these figures were given in answer to the question from the opposition spokesman.列举这些数字是为了答复反对党发言人的质问。

　respond：?反应，响应?，指通过口头或行动做出相关反应，并且常常是即刻地或毫不犹豫地做出反应。i should like to respond to my opponent's remarks about the government's actions.对于我的对手就政府所采取的行动所说的那番话，我愿意做出答复。is it true that antiquated legal ideas prevent the government from respondingeffectively to the demands which modern society makes up to it?过时的法律观点真的会妨碍政府对当代社会向其提出的要求做出积极的反应吗？when martin insulted the referee， he responded by ordering him off the field.马丁辱骂裁判时，裁判以令其退出比赛场地作为答复。?

6、responsibility, duty, obligation

　responsibility：?责任?，一般由于法律，职业或道德等要求而必须尽的责任，而且含有要对后果负责任的意思。常用短语有：accept/ assume/ take the responsibility 任但责任、负责任；decline all responsibility about拒绝对?负任何责任。例如：i will lend you my camera if you will assume full responsibility for it.如果你能负完全责任，我愿把照相机借给你。the manufactures disclaim all responsibility for damage caused by misuse.使用不当而造成的损坏，生产厂家不负任何责任。

　duty：?义务，责任，职责?，通常强调由于道德、伦理、法律规定等而产生对自己及他人乃至社会的义务或责任，还指在工作中应尽的责任（常用复数）。例如：the delivery on confidential letters was a duty that he never relegated to anybody else.他从未把投递机密信件的责任推给任何其他人。the first thing to do is to acquaint yourself with your new duties and colleagues.第一件要做的事情就是熟悉你的新职务和同事。

　obligation：?必须履行的义务、负担、责任?，强调由于现实的压力如诺言、誓言、契约、法律及社会习惯的约束而对他人应尽的义务或应当承担的责任。常用短语有：fulfill an obligation 履行义务；express sb's deep obligation to 向...表示深切谢意；a matter of obligation 义不容辞的责任。例如：i'm under obligation to professor hawkins for some useful criticisms upon the first edition of this book.我感激霍金斯教授对于本书初次出版的若干有益的批评。it was plain that green was carrying out what he regarded as a fixed obligation.很明显，格林当时正在尽一种他认为是不可推卸的义务。

7、reserve, conserve, preserve

　reserve：?保留，保存?，指储藏或保留座位，物品，问题，意见，权利等留待以后需要时再用或指限制目前或他人使用。例如：reserve (one's strength) oneself for the next battle 养精蓄锐以利再战；all rights reserved 版权所有，不得翻印。this is the force of will which had enabled her to reserve the fund intact.正是这种意志力使她能够不动用专款。it's well known to all of us that the runners should reserve some of their energy for the final sprint. 众所周知，运动员应为最后的冲刺保留一些体力。

　conserve：?保存，保重?，指为了避免不必要的或过多的变化、损失、损耗而采取措施加以保护，而且通常表示保存得完好无损。例如：in my opinion, our constitutional can be conserved only by an intelligent electorates.依我看，宪法权威只能由有才智的选民来维护。john slipped his coffee, made from his carefully conserved supply brought with him from england.约翰慢慢地品尝他从英国带来的并保存得很好的咖啡。

　preserve：?保护、防护、维护、维持、保存?，强调防御破坏的含义，指采用某些方法以保持某物的存在不受损毁，破坏，还指用各种方法防止食物腐烂。如：there is nothing like routine and regularity for preserving one's peace of mind.日常事物和规律性活动最能保持人的心境平衡。we have done our best to make repairs and preserve these cultural relics and historical sites.我们已尽了最大努力来修理和保护这些文物古迹。

8、respective, respectful, respectable

　这三个形容词都是由动词respect分别加后缀派生而来的，在含义和用法上是有区别的。

　respective是?各自的，个别的，分别的?的意思，只用作定语，而且几乎总是修饰复数可数名词。例如：go to your respective places.各就各位。my husband and i are each going to visit our respective mothers.我丈夫和我都分别准备去看望我们各自的母亲。he and i contributed the respective sums of six dollars and four dollars.他和我分别捐了六美元和四美元。

　respectful是表示：?尊敬（或尊重）的（showing respect)?的含义，可作定语或表语。作定语时，所修饰的名词一般是非生物名词，句中的主语只能是人。例如：when he raised the problem, she kept a respectful silence.当他提出那个问题时，她恭敬地保持着沉默。the boy were well mannered and respectful toward grown-ups.那些男孩们彬彬有礼，尊敬长辈。

　respectable：?值得尊敬；受敬重的?意思，含被动的意味，可用作定语或表语，其所修饰的名词或句中的主语应该是人。它还可形容人?名声好的；正派的?，或指某种东西是?尚可的，质量还不错的?等意思。例如：he is a respectable old cadre.他是一位可敬的老干部。how dare you talk to a respectable woman like that?你怎么可以对一个受人尊敬的妇女说那样的话？what he did is not quite respectable.他做的事不很正派。his work is respectable but not outstanding.他的工作干得不错，但还不算突出。

9、responsible for, responsible to

　这两个词组中responsible是形容词，一般多用在连系动词be后面作表语。两个词组均表示?对?负责?的意思，但用法有别。

　responsible for后接表示事物的名词或动名词，表示?对某事负责?的意思。此外，在主语与介词宾语都是事物名词时，其主语和宾语常含有因果关系，翻译时则要灵活对待。例如：the pilot of the plane is responsible for the passenger's safety.飞机驾驶员应对旅客的安全负责。the bad weather is responsible for the small attendance.由于天气恶劣，所以出席人数不多。the gale was responsible for the ship being 36 hours late.大风使该船晚点三十六小时。

　responsible to后接表示人的名词或代词，表示?对某人负责?的意思。例如：we must be responsible to the people.我们应该对人民负责。their duty is to hold themselves responsible to the children.他们的责任是对孩子们负责。 这两个词组可合并在一起，构成responsible to sb. for (doing) sth.结构，表示?为所做的事或受托的事向某人或某团体负责?。例如：i am responsible to the parents for the child's safety.我要为这个孩子的安全对他的父母负责。

10、result from, result in

　这两个词组均为动介型短语，均表示主语和介词宾语之间的一种因果关系，但其在用法上是不同的。

　result from意指?是?的结果，由于?而发生?，即主语表示结果，介词from的宾语则表示原因，即主语的结果是由宾语的原因引起的。

　result in意指?结果是，导致；结果造成?，其主语表示原因，介词in的宾语则表示结果，即主语的原因导致或造成了宾语的结果。试比较以下两句的转换： his death resulted from an overdose of drugs.他的死是由于服用药物过量引起的。these measures resulted in a great victory.由于采取了这些措施，结果打了一个大胜仗。

11、run out, run out of

　这两个词组都有?用完?的意思，但用法不同。 run out是动副型短语动词，作不及物动词，表示?被用完了（become used up)?的被动含义，其主语通常是时间、金钱、食物等无生命名词。例如：his money soon ran out.他的钱很快就花完了。

1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone

　这组词都有?孤独的，寂寞的?之意。

　lone：?孤独的，寂寞的，无依无靠的?，该词（在诗歌中）可替代lonely或lonesome。she could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。in that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中，只能看见孤零零的一颗星。

　lonely:?孤单的，寂寞的?，但更强调指渴望陪伴的孤独感受。a lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。he spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前，他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。

　lonesome : "无伴的，独居的"，通常明确的表达分别或丧偶后的孤寂卑凉，含义较为痛切。the house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前她认为这屋子过于拥挤，但当其子女出去独立生活后，显得孤寂。you must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because i'm not at home.你一定要打起精神，妈妈，不要因为我不在家而倍感凄凉。

2、location, position, situation, spot

　这一组词都有?位置，地点?之意。

　location：?位置，场所，场地?，指某物所处的固定但也许并不明确的位置，也可指找到的或可加以利用的场地。还可解作?定位，测位选址?，如：industrial location工业选址。the location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果没有更详尽的信息，失踪飞机所处的位置就很难确定。the location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so julia had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.从卫生角度来看，这个地段非常糟糕，所以朱利亚不得不花时间找一处适于建新学校的地点。

　position：?方位，地点，位置?，通常是指某物所处的实际或相对的位置，适用于具体及抽象的事物，想象中或实际存在的东西；因此还可解作?社会地位，职务，见解，立场，姿态?等。can you show me the position of the school on the map?你能指给我那学校在地图上的位置吗？before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在计时器发明之前，他们根据太阳的位置来判断时间。

　situation：?地点，位置，场合?，它所指的地点更注重考虑周的环境，还指抽象的对某人或社会有影响的条件、事实、事件的总和，因此可以解作?境况、形势、局势、处境?等。常用短语：cope/ do with?the situation应付当前情况：save the situation挽回局势。despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.尽管他还是个九岁的小男孩，他却能设法对付新情况。the situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.这个营地位置的选择考虑到了有益于健康而且离城市近的原则。

　spot：?地点，现场?，指范围清楚的特定地点，也可指事件或行为的发生地，具有较强的?有限空间意义?，如：a historic/ scenic spot古迹/ 风景名胜。常用词组：on the spot 当场。she was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎热孤寂的地方，她很可能因为又饿又渴而几近发疯。the police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.获悉该项犯罪后几分钟，警察即赶到现场。

3、later, latter

　later是late的比较级形式，意为?后来的（地）?，通常用在表示时间单位的词组后，表示??以后?的意思，此外还通常用在一些习语中。例如：two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后，我们证明了这些事实是正确的。he reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到车站五分钟。sooner or later 总有一天，迟早later on 今后，以后

　latter是一原级形容词，主要有三种意义：1).表示?后面的，后半的，末了的?之意；2).与定冠词the连用，表示?后者?，与the former相对；3).?最近的，现今的?。例如：the latter half of the month 后半月，下半月the latter part of the year 一年中后一段时期of the two the latter is far better than the former.两者中后者比前者好得多。he has been at home in these latter days.在最近的这些日子里，他一直呆在家里。

4、lay, lie

　这两个动词在变形时，往往引起混淆。

　lay主要用作及物动词，基本意思为?放?，还可有一些引申意义。它的过去式和过去分词是laid，现在分词是laying。例如：please lay the book on the table.请把书放在桌上。the road is laid with asphalt.这条路是用柏油铺成的。these hens lay eggs every day.这些母鸡天天下蛋。we should lay stress on our pronunciation.我们应该重视我们的发音。

　lie是一个不及物动词，它有两种意义和用法：1).意为?平躺；平放；位于?时，过去式为lay, 过去分词为lain; 2).意为：?撒谎?时，过去式和过去分词是lied。例如：don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。he lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。korea lies to the east of china.朝鲜位于中国东面。you are lying.你在撒谎。he lied to me.他对我撒谎。

5、leave out, leave off

　这两个短语动词由leave加副词构成，在句中均作谓语，它们的意义有区别。

　leave out主要有下列几种意义：1).省去，略去；2).遗漏；3).没有考虑到。例如：we must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我们必须决定取舍。please complete this check properly. the date has been left out. 请将这张支票填完整，日期被漏掉了。we left out the possibility of his coming. 我们没考虑到他会来。

　leave off则主要表示下列两种意义：1).停止，中断；2).不再穿，不再使用。例如：leave off talking!别讲话了！they leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他们下午四点半下班。it is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天这么热，可以脱下你的绒线衣了。

6、living, alive, live, lively

　这四个形容词均是live派生出的，但它们的意义和用法均不一样。

　living有三种意义和用法：1).表示?活着的，尤指现存的?，可以指人，也可指物。在句中作表语或定语；作定语时，可前置也可后置。2).表示某人，某物与另一个人或一物?一模一样，逼真的?之意。3).相当于形容词lively，表示?强烈的、活泼的?之意。例如：a living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。no man living could do better. 当代的人没有一个能做得比这好的了。shelly was still living when keats died. 济慈死时，雪莱还活着。he's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。we have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你成功。

　alive多用作表语，多用于人，表示?活着的?的意思，还可引申为其他意义；间或也作定语，只能放在被修饰词的后面。例如：is she still alive?她还活着吗？they are the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。an enemy officer was caught alive.一名敌军官被活捉了。the lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。

　live作形容词时读作/laiv/, 只用于物，作定语，基本意义是?活的?，这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。例如：this is a live fish/ mouse.这是一条活鱼（一只活老鼠）。don't play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。a live wire is dangerous.通上电的电线很危险。it was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是实况广播，不是录音广播。

　lively读作/laivli/，在句中可作表语或定语，主要表示下列三种意义：1).有生气的，活泼的，快活的；2).（颜色）鲜明的；3).生动的，真实的。例如：she is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小猫。the patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。he has lively imagination.他有丰富的想象力。what lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩。he gave a lively description of the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。

7、learn, study

　learn为?学习，学会?，侧重学习的成果，指从不知到知，从不会到会的学习，强调通过学习去获得知识和技能，它没有凭勤奋努力而获得知识的意味。learn亦可指向某人学习，从某处学习及学习一门技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from leifeng。

　study为?学习，研究?，强调学习的过程，指深入系统地学习，带有努力，勤奋的意味。其学习对象往往是科学，艺术和需要深入探讨，研究的问题及学科，不是单纯地获得技巧。如：study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互换：if you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力学习的话，你会把这门语言学好。he learned traditional chinese medicine from a famous chinese doctor. 他跟随一位著名的中国医生学习中医。she studied late at night.她晚上学习到很晚。he is studying the problem of x-rays.他正在研究x射线的问题。

　在指某学科的?学习?时，或在不需要强调两者的区别时, learn 和study可以换用。如：how long have you learned/ studied japanese?你学习日语有多久了？we must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我们不想落在时代后面的话，就必须不断学习。

8、long for, for long

　long for是一用作及物意义的动、介型短语动词，表示?渴望，极想得到?的意思。其后可接名词，代词作宾语。例如：the children are longing for the festival.孩子们渴望节日来临。we long for a chance to visit yanan.我们渴望有机会访问延安。

　for long中的for是介词，long是名词，一起作介词短语用，在句中充当状语，通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句或否定意义的句子中。意为?很久，长久?。例如：he will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久。will you be away for long?你要离开很久吗？　

9、lecture, speech

　lecture作?演讲，讲课?解，指有准备的专题演讲，尤指学术性讲演及高等学校教师的讲课。它常和动词give, read, hear, attend, receive连用，当它用于give sb. a lecture结构时，指?训斥某人?。如：they received lecture on technique. （指听演讲）he gave a lecture on the war in english. （指作演讲）father gave me a lecture for smoking. （指训斥）

　speech作?说话，演讲?解，系普通用语，除指有声的语言外，又泛指为听众而作的讲，可以是有准备的正式讲话，也可以是无准备的非正式的讲话。它常和动词give, make, hear, prepare, understand等连用。如：i was quite unprepared to make a speech.by your speech i can tell you're from london.he gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.

10、live on, live by

　live on有三种意义和用法：1).后接人、钱、工资，表示?依靠这些人或钱物养活?的意思；2).后接各种食物的名称，表示?以?为主食?的意思; 3).作不及物动词用，表示?继续生存下去，永存?之意。例如：jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父亲靠他的朋友生活。my uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。most of the asians live on rice.多数亚洲人以大米为食。sheep live on grass.羊以草为食。the scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 这位科学家的名字将流芳百世。

　live by有两种意义和用法：1. 后接名词或动名词，表示?以某种方式或手段过活?之意；2. 后接地点名词，表示?住在?附近?之意。例如：they live by honest labor.他们靠正当的劳动生活。smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠给一家小杂志社写稿来维持生活。we live by the east lake.我们住在东湖旁边。